| Home | What is the Kingdom of God Made of? | |
| God and Science | Frank Lee | May, 2007 |
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The Kingdom of God may consist of Most people think that supernatural beings (gods, spirits, etc) are not made of matter because we cannot see them or touch them. However, as explained in a previous article, we are confined in a braneworld (a sub-universe) which is embedded in a higher dimensional bulk universe. We cannot see anything outside our braneworld. Our hands cannot reach beyond the braneworld. In fact, all matter and electromagnetic waves are trapped in the braneworld. Suppose gods and spirits are made up of matter, but living outside our braneworld, we still cannot see or touch them, even if they are located only a millimeter away from us. If the "Kingdom of God" or "spirit world" is made up of matter, what are the elementary particles that constitute their matter? This question is important in proving the existence of God. If our braneworld was created by God, all particles in our braneworld must originate from the Kingdom of God. To show that our particles came from the Kingdom of God, we must know the properties of their particles. It must have the graviton. In the string theory, the graviton (gravitational field) is known to be a closed string, capable of moving anywhere in the bulk universe. The graviton must exist in the bulk space where the Kingdom of God resides. It should have the Higgs boson ("God particle") The properties of all elementary particles that constitute ordinary matter can be explained by a well established model known as the Standard Model. These ordinary particles have been observed experimentally, except the Higgs particle. All elementary particles (ordinary or not) can be divided into two types: bosons and fermions. The Higgs particle is a boson and thus often called the Higgs boson. The existence of the Higgs boson was proposed by Peter Higgs in 1964 to explain the origin of the mass for all elementary particles. The Higgs field associated with the Higgs particle is assumed to permeate the entire universe. The mass of an elementary particle arises from its interaction with the Higgs field. Without the Higgs particle, all elementary particles would be massless. Because the Higgs particle is so fundamental and "omnipresent", it is dubbed as the "God particle" by physicists. Although the Higgs particle has not been observed experimentally, most physicists believe it should exist. The recently constructed Large Hadron Collider (LHC) may be able to detect it. Whether the Higgs particle exists or not will be known in the near future. If it exists in our braneworld, it should also exist in the bulk space. It may contain "superpartners" of ordinary particles. A superpartner is a super-symmetrical particle of an ordinary particle, analogous to the antiparticle which is a charge-symmetrical particle of an ordinary particle. In the early 20th century, physicists proposed a charge conjugate symmetry to solve some theoretical problems. They postulated that for every negatively charged particle (such as an electron), there should be a positively charged particle with the same other properties; and vice versa. The charge-symmetrical particles are known as antiparticles. They have later been observed experimentally. Again, in 1970s, physicists found that the supersymmetry could solve several theoretical problems. The supersymmetry is also essential in the string theory. This symmetry is between bosons and fermions - the two types of elementary particles. In our braneworld, fermions (such as the electron and the quarks that form protons and neutrons) constitute matter while bosons (such as the graviton and photon) carry forces.In quantum physics, every elementary particle has a property called spin, which can be either an integer (0, 1, or 2) or half integer (1/2, 3/2, etc). By definition, bosons are the particles with integer spin and fermions are the particles with half-integer spin. The assumption of supersymmetry states that for every fermion there should be at least one boson partner; and vice versa. Thus, the spin of a particle differs from the spin of its superpartner by 1/2 or multiple of 1/2. The properties of superpartners can be obtained theoretically in the four dimensional spacetime (corresponding to our braneworld) or in the higher dimensional spacetime. None of the predicted superpartners has been observed yet. However, they could be abundant in our braneworld. It has been estimated that the invisible dark matter makes up about 25% of all matter in our braneworld. Substantial evidence indicates that the dark matter may consist of superpartners. It is very likely that these superpartners are related to the higher dimensional superpartners that God used to create our braneworld (more info). It may have other bulk particles (fields) The
"bulk" particle refers to the particle capable of moving anywhere in
the bulk universe, as opposed to "brane"
particles which are confined in a brane. In the string theory, a bulk particle is characterized by a closed string and a brane particle is characterized by an open string with two endpoints fixed on the brane. The graviton is an example of the bulk
particle and the photon is an example of the brane particle. In quantum physics, a particle is considered the quantization of an
associated field. The particle and its associated field are two different
views for the same thing. The graviton is the same as the gravitational
field and the photon is the same as the electromagnetic field. A scalar
field is the field that has no direction and a vector field has a
direction. The bulk space may contain some particles that are not the superpartners of
ordinary particles. The bulk particle is a general term for any elementary particle in
the bulk space. Very interestingly, more and more cosmologists and particle
physicists are investigating the properties of the bulk particles. Some of them
even propose that all particles in our braneworld were created by interaction
between certain bulk particles and our brane. Are they creationists? This kind of
models are consistent with a creationism in which these bulk particles were carefully
selected by God so that, after interacting with our brane, they may produce ordinary particles
with all finely tuned properties for the formation of atoms, molecules
and life (
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