5: PLATO AND THE SOPHISTS

For the essence of all artistic beauty is expression, which cannot be where there's really nothing to be expressed; the line, the colour, the word, following obediently, and with minute scruple, the conscious motions of a convinced intelligible soul. To make men interested in themselves, as being the very ground of all reality for them, la vraie vérité, as the French say:--that was the essential function of the Socratic method: to flash light into the house within, its many chambers, its memories and associations, upon its inscribed and pictured walls. Fully occupied there, as with his own essential business in his own home, the young man would become, of course, proportionately less interested, less meanly interested, in what was superficial, in the mere outsides, of other people and their occupations. With the true artist indeed, with almost every expert, all knowledge, of almost every kind, tells, is attracted into, and duly charged with, the force of what [121] may be his leading apprehension. And as the special function of all speech as a fine art is the control of minds (psychagôgia)+ it is in general with knowledge of the soul of man--with a veritable psychology, with as much as possible as we can get of that--that the writer, the speaker, must be chiefly concerned, if he is to handle minds not by mere empiric routine, tribê monon, kai empeiria alla technê,+ but by the power of veritable fine art. Now such art, such theory, is not "to be caught with the left hand," as the Greek phrase went; and again, chalepa ta kala.+ We have no time to hear in English Plato's clever specimens of the way in which people would write about love without success. Let us rather hear himself on that subject, in his own characteristic mood of conviction.--

     Try! she said (a certain Sibylline woman namely, from whose
     lips Socrates in the Symposium is supposed to quote what follows)
     Try to apply your mind as closely as possible to what I am going
     to say.  For he who has been led thus far in the discipline of
     love, beholding beautiful objects in the right order, coming now
     towards the end of the doctrine of love, will on a sudden behold
     a beauty wonderful in its nature:--that, Socrates! towards which
     indeed the former exercises were all designed; being first of all
     ever existent; having neither beginning nor end; neither growing
     or fading away; and then, not beautiful in one way, unbeautiful
     in another; beautiful now, but not then; beautiful in this
     relation, unlovely in that; to some, but not to others.  Nor
     again will that beauty appear to him to be beautiful as a face or
     hands or anything else that belongs to the body; nor as any
     kind of reasoning or science; nor as being resident in anything
     else, as in a living creature or the earth or the sky or any
     other [122] thing; but as being itself by itself, ever in a
     single form with itself; all other beautiful things so
     participating in it, that while they begin and cease to be, that
     neither becomes more nor less nor suffers any other change.
     Whenever, then, anyone, beginning from things here below, through
     a right practice of love, ascending, begins to discern that other
     beauty, he will almost have reached the end.  For this in truth
     is the right method of proceeding towards the doctrine of love,
     or of being conducted therein by another,--beginning from these
     beautiful objects here below ever to be going up higher, with
     that other beauty in view; using them as steps of a ladder;
     mounting from the love of one fair person to the love of two;
     and from the love of two to the love of all; and from the love
     of beautiful persons to the love of beautiful employments--kala
     epitêdeumata+ (that means being a soldier, or a priest, or a
     scholar) and from the love of beautiful employments to the love
     of beautiful kinds of knowledge; till he passes from degrees of
     knowledge to that knowledge which is the knowledge of nothing
     else save the absolute Beauty itself, and knows it at length as
     in itself it really is.  At this moment of life, dear Socrates!
     said the Mantinean Sibyl, if at any moment, man truly lives,
     beholding the absolute beauty--the which, so you have once seen
     it, will appear beyond the comparison of gold, or raiment, or
     those beautiful young persons, seeing whom now, like many another,
     you are so overcome that you are ready, beholding those beautiful
     persons and associating ever with them, if it were possible,
     neither to eat nor drink but only to look into their eyes and
     sit beside them.  What then, she asked, suppose we? if it were
     given to any one to behold the absolute beauty, in its clearness,
     its pureness, its unmixed essence; not replete with flesh and
     blood and colours and other manifold vanity of this mortal life;
     but if he were able to behold that divine beauty (monoeides)+
     simply as it is.  Do you think, she said, that life would be a
     poor thing to one whose eyes were fixed on that; seeing that,
     (hô dei)+ with the organ through which it must be seen, and
     communing with that?  Do you not think rather, she asked, that
     here alone it will be his, seeing the beautiful with that through
     which it may be seen (namely with the imaginative reason, ho
     nous+) to beget no mere phantasms of virtue, as it is no phantom
     he [123] apprehends, but the true virtue, as he embraces what is
     true?  And having begotten virtue (virtue is the child that will
     be born of this mystic intellectual commerce, or connubium,
     of the imaginative reason with ideal beauty) and reared it, he
     will become dear to God, and if any man may be immortal he will
     be.  Symposium, 210.+

The essential vice of sophistry, as Plato conceived it, was that for it no real things existed. Real things did exist for Plato, things that were "an end in themselves"; and the Platonic Socrates was right:-- Plato has written so well there, because he was no scholar of the Sophists as he understood them, but is writing of what he really knows.

NOTES

99. +Transliteration: sophistai. Liddell and Scott definition: "at Athens, one who professed to make men wise."

102. +Transliteration: pleista eidê. Pater's translation: "the greatest possible variety." Pater refers to the Funeral Oration given by Pericles to commemorate the Athenians who, to date, had died in the Peloponnesian War. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 2.41.1.

107. +Plato, Republic 492.

109. +Transliteration: peithous didaskaloi. Pater's translation: "teachers of persuasion." Plato, Republic 365d.

109. +Transliteration: dêmos. Liddell and Scott definition: "the common people."

110. +Plato, Republic 496.

111. +Transliteration: to ta hautou prattein. Pater's translation: "The doing, by every part . . . of its own proper business therein." The translation elaborates on the original, but captures its meaning accurately. Plato, Republic 433a-b.

111. +Transliteration: to ta hautou prattein. Pater's translation: "The doing, by every part . . . of its own proper business therein." Plato, Republic 433a-b.

112. +Transliteration: sophos gar kai theios anêr. E-text editor's translation: "for he was a wise and excellent man." Plato, Republic 331e.

112. +Transliteration: alla ti poiousa. Pater's translation: "but, by doing what. . ." Plato, Republic 367b.

112. +Transliteration: hautê di' hautên. Pater's translation: "in and by itself." Plato, Republic 367e.

113. +Transliteration: to ta opheilomena apodidonai. Pater's translation: "to restore what one owes." Plato, Republic 331e and 332a.

118. +Transliteration: ho Lakôn. Liddell and Scott definition: "The Lacedaemonian [i.e., Spartan]."

118. +Transliteration: tou legein etumos technê. Pater's translation: "a genuine art of speech." Plato, Phaedrus 260e.

118. +Transliteration: Logôn ara technên, ho tên alêtheian mê eidôs, doxas te tethêreukôs, geloion tina kai atexnon parexetai. E-text editor's translation: "In the art of speaking, therefore, the person who does not know the truth, who has sought out only the opinions of others, will come by nothing better than a kind of unskilled jesting." Plato, Phaedrus 262c.

118. +Transliteration: texnê atexnos. Pater's translation: "[a] bastard art of mere words." Plato, Phaedrus 260e.

119. +Transliteration: Peri brachylogias, kai eleeinologias, kai deinôseôs. E-text editor's translation: "Concerning brevity, and speech that moves to pity, and exaggeration. . ." Plato, Phaedrus 272a.

119. +Transliteration: ta pro tragôdias. E-text editor's translation: "the things before tragedy." Plato, Phaedrus 269a.

119. +Transliteration: ta pro tragôdias, all' ou tragika. E-text editor's translation: "the things before tragedy, but not tragedy itself." Plato, Phaedrus 269a.

119. +Transliteration: anankê logographikê. E-text editor's translation: "[the manner] required [in] prose-writing or speech- making." Plato, Phaedrus 264b contains similar language.

119. +Transliteration: pros doxan. E-text editor's translation: "in accordance with received opinion." Plato, Republic 362a, among other passages.

121. +Transliteration: psychagôgia. Pater's translation: "the control of minds." The verb agô means "lead or drive." Plato, Phaedrus 261a and 271c.

121. +Transliteration: tribê monon, kai empeiria alla technê. Pater's translation: "[not] by mere empiric routine, but by the power of veritable fine art." Plato, Phaedrus 270b.

121. +Transliteration: chalepa ta kala. E-text editor's translation: "fine things are hard [to obtain]." Plato, Republic 435c.

122. +Transliteration: kala epitêdeumata. Pater's translation: "beautiful employments." Plato, Symposium 211c.

122. +Transliteration: monoeides. E-text editor's translation: "of one kind, simple." Plato, Symposium 211a and 211e.

122. +Transliteration: hô dei. E-text editor's translation: "with what is necessary." Plato, Symposium 212a.

122. +Transliteration: ho nous. Pater's translation: "imaginative reason." The word nous or noos generally means "mind." Plato, Symposium 210-212.

123. +The passage Pater cites--Diotima's speech about love--runs from 210-212a of the Symposium.

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